Finding a Home for the Homeless Professor Ramos Blog

Finding a Home for the Homeless Everyday, more and more Americans are being evicted from their homes. According to the Public Policy Institute of America, â€Å"In California alone, there were over 130,000 homeless just last year† (Mejia Hsieh). In 2017, the town of Beaumont alone had 2,406 counted homeless (Schiavone). Which for the size of the town is significantly larger than it should be. This begs the question, why is the homeless population in the county of Riverside so high? Hopefully this paper will be able to answer that question, as well as finding potential solutions to the problems of homelessness in Beaumont. There are multiple factors that lead to homeless, from lack of education, to mental and physical health. Johnetta Hardin and her partner Diane Wille from the University of Indiana found that lack of education leads to a lack of a well paying job. They also found that mental illness in the homeless population averages sixty percent in the group they interviewed. (36) Mental illness is shown to be the leading cause of homelessness. However, harsher problems, such as addiction, are also some of the more common sources. Because of the cost associated with drugs, addiction can lead to debt which can result in loss of employment and transportation, which in turn leads to loss of a home, amongst other things. Shelters are not as available as your local Starbucks, but they are still around the surrounding area. So why do we have homeless still sleeping on the streets? It turns out it is actually more difficult to get into a homeless shelter than it appears. To start off, the nearest shelter to Beaumont is in Hemet which is about a thirty-five minute drive. Second, women and children are prioritized in entry for most shelters. With only a limited number of space, it increases the chances of not gaining entry if you’re a male. Additionally, if you fail to get into a shelter a couple nights in a row, what would be the point of returning? Many shelters require a clean drug test to enter and if your are under the influence in any way, they do not admit you. A significant amount of those with mental health issues often turn to illegal drugs to self medicate. This makes it difficult for many people to gain access to shelters that are designed to rehome many of the people who are living on the street. And being that addiction is one of the highest causes of homelessness, it makes sense that there is such a high number of homeless on the streets (Hardin Wille 37). There are many theories on how we can lower and even potentially solve the homeless problem. Even though Beaumont is not the largest city in Riverside County, it is still fairly populated. Beaumont also has a large amount of open land available. The solution that I am proposing is one that can hopefully aid in many of the problems homeless have today. Having a rehabilitation center for the people in need of it. A center that can help in solving drug addictions, financial issues, and even find alternate solutions for the mentally ill. According to the county of Riverside’s website, the County Supervisor for Beaumont receives $5.6 billion dollars a year to finance the county (â€Å"About the County†). If the Supervisor was able to dedicate 2% of that money, it would be enough to finance the construction of buildings and hire trained professionals to aid these individuals. The center would not only help with addictions, but it would also focus on helping families get jobs and teaching them how to properly finance their money. This center can provide mental health therapy, as well as an AA NA meetings for addicts. These meetings can meet once or twice a week for a certain amount of months/years. Not only would there be a center for them to meet but there would also be a tiny home style community. The benefits of tiny homes is that they are cheap and do not take up a lot of space while still providing some sort of shelter. According to Deirdre Sullivan, a reporter in New York that covers home design and improvement, the average tiny home can cost as low as $12,000. (5) These homes come built standard with a working bathroom and shower, as well as a fully functioning kitchen and bed. Although they are smaller in size, the tiny home would be a fantastic starter home for people who don’t even have one. It is also beneficial because of the different sizes. If you are a family of four, you can have a bigger tiny home than say someone who is on their own or has a spouse. Because of the cheaper costs of these homes, it gives the opportunity to provide more of them. If you were to have a plot with sixteen tiny homes, it would cost roughly $192,000, which is almost the price of a modern four bedroom home. These cost effective housing units provide a place and job for the new found dwellers, that of course being the upkeep of their new home. This will slowly help the individual integrate overtime into our community. What’s great about this solution is that it does not stop with the housing. It would also be a cooperative style of living. It would be a way to create jobs within the community. One of the new tenants could grow fruit, another veggies. There could even be one who watches the children when their parents are out working or finding a job. It is a huge task to try and solve homelessness and help the needy. I am not trying to find a solution to homelessness as a whole. I am merely trying to propose an alternative that would help keep individuals off the street and maybe help cure them of an addiction. Or aid families in financial need. Maybe even finding the proper care for people with illnesses, both mental and physical. Hardin, Johnetta, and Diane E. Wille. â€Å"The Homeless Individua’s Viewpoint: Causes of Homelessness and Resources Needed to Leave the Sheltered Environment.† Social Work Social Sciences Review, vol. 19, no. 2, May 2017, pp. 33–48. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=126500977site=ehost-live. I chose this article because it goes into major detail about the reasons people go homeless. As well as not just men, but women and families. Eviction, loss of job, natural disaster, it is all covered in this article. This article will be one of my opening points in the essay about the reasons people end up homeless. Both positive and negative. The authors are reliable because both contain PHDs In Social Studies and are widely known in Indiana for their studies on the homeless. This article is also peer reviewed. Brown, Molly, et al. â€Å"Waiting for Shelter: Perspectives on a Homeless Shelter’s Procedures.† Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 45, no. 7, Sept. 2017, pp. 846–858. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/jcop.21896, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=124846699site=ehost-live This article dives into the shelters and everything about them. How they run, the requirements for entering, the time you’re able to stay in one, ect. This article also describes how difficult it is to get into a homeless shelter. Which I will be using as one of my main points in how to combat homelessness. This article was composed by a number of different authors with multiple degrees in their respective fields. The authors came together to create this study, using their talents in their field, to give a thurow review of homeless shelters and their advantages/disadvantages. This article is peer reviewed â€Å"About the County.† County of Riverside, 19 February 2019, countyofriverside.us/AbouttheCounty/BudgetandFinancialInformation.aspx. This is the official Riverside County page. It describes the county representatives, as well as all of the budgeting. Im going to be referencing the amount of mo available for the district of Beaumont. This is a credible source because it comes directly from the main office of the county and is an official government site. Schiavone, Renee. â€Å"Banning, Beaumont Homeless Population Count: Volunteers Needed.† Banning-Beaumont, CA Patch, Patch, 22 Dec. 2017, patch.com/california/banning-beaumont/banning-beaumont-homeless-population-count-volunteers-needed. This article puts numbers to the homeless specifically in Beaumont. It describes the amount of homeless and how many were sheltered and how many were not. The author also describes minor ways to improve homelessness in the Beaumont/ Banning area. This author I believe is a credible source because she is a local journalist who focuses on environmental problems around the Riverside county area. Mejia, Marisol Cuellar, and Vicki Hsieh. â€Å"A Snapshot of Homelessness in California.† Public Policy Institute of California , Third Strand, 19 Feb. 2019, ppic.org/blog/a-snapshot-of-homelessness-in-california/. This article gives a more focused numbers and statistics on homeless in California as a whole. It shows the specific numbers in change of homeless population in all the major counties. I will use this source to state the number of homeless in California and The county of Riverside. The is a credible source because this article is from the Public Policy Institute of California. It is a reliable source for general and specific information about California. From water policy to education, ect. Sullivan, Deirdre. â€Å"How Much Does a Tiny House Really Cost?† The Spruce, 6 May 2019, thespruce.com/how-much-does-a-tiny-house-cost-4139914. This Article describes the costs and benefits of living in a â€Å"tiny home†. It describes the cost of a tiny home and all the amenities built into the said home. The reason I chose this article was because I am going to use its information and facts as apart of my solution to the problem of homelessness in my town and potentially many others. The author is a credible source because she is a journalist from New York who focuses on house design and construction.

Organic Smirnoff Vodka

Organic Smirnoff Vodka Organic Smirnoff Vodka is the most consumed spirit globally with its market share accounting to 22.5%.In the year 2008, there was a tremendous increase in its consumption as the total sales added up to 512.7 cases while the trajectory was phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Smirnoff Vodka specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This growth has been persistent for a long time since over the course of the past 20 years, organic Smirnoff vodka has added a sale of 246.7 million cases equal to CAGR of 3.5%.In the year 2007, Diageo was the global leader in the spirits industry with their sales adding up to $14,968 million. The impressive growth in market share held by organic Smirnoff vodka over other similar spirits can be attributed to varied reasons. One, many individuals are now watching what they consume due to the side effects many of the drinks are associated with. Organic Smirnoff vodka has been known to h ave fewer effects on consumers’ health and the environment at large. Since organic Smirnoff vodka is a non alcoholic drink its demand has tremendously increased. Secondly, the labeling of the category has also influenced the sale of this brand. Research has shown that by the year 2006, the consumption of private labeled spirit in the United State of America had rise to a level slightly beyond the $3 billion mark with the further increase of more than 3% anticipated by the year 2011. This increase is projected to be higher compared t the sale of other spirits in the same line with organic Smirnoff vodka. The introduction of more organic Smirnoff vodka flavors and pre mixed drinks in to the market has attracted more consumers hence, increasing the average sale. Other products in the same line including other Vodka brands, Grey Goose, Ciroc, Absolute Vodka, sky and all alcoholic beverages are giving the global vodka a tight competition for the already flooded market. Although th e competition is very high, organic Smirnoff vodka makes more sales due to its high branding and recognition. The product is also packaged in distinct bottles of varied quantities at pocket friendly prices. This has attracted its consumption by people of different works of life hence, increasing its sales. The availability of variety of organic Smirnoff vodka flavors and pre mixed drinks known to be low in calorie content and organic drinks has attracted more consumers. The sale potential of organic Smirnoff vodka has also been enhanced by international brands while ads on vodka have reinforced the brand name and identity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many consumers have continued consuming organic Smirnoff vodka because of its palatable taste and wonderful warm feeling not felt with other vodka brands. In fact, some consumers argue that, other vodka brands leav e a burning sensation in the digestive tract. During the production process, organic Smirnoff vodka is passed through a series of distillations leading to a brand with high percentage in approval. On opportunities, the market for pre mixed drinks has developed rapidly over the last few years. In addition, there have been changes in the social patterns, lifestyle, population profile and awareness of importance of organic products. There are threats that are anticipated. First, there are continued fears about the social impact of alcohol consumption and abuse. Volatility in raw materials prices is also expected. Other threats are change in regulatory environment and loss of interest in organic products. For sure, â€Å"Smirnoff leaves one breathless.†

The Unlikely Secret Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Unlikely Secret Agent - Essay Example Eleanor’s race, class and gender affected how others saw and treated her in ways that were advantageous and disadvantageous to her, and these advantages would not have been present for working-class black men; also, however different she may be to those directly affected by apartheid, she was still effective in opposing it because she showed that these differences did not justify the inhumanity of apartheid, and that her race, class, and gender also led to similar experiences of oppression. Eleanor’s race and class are advantages for her because they helped her elude suspicions and maltreatment. Eleanor is not black or a Jewish man, but a Scottish woman who is romantically involved with a Jew. Because of her race, she evaded the initial roundups of the Secret Police who targeted male Jews and blacks first. In addition, her race had been a good source of prevention of police brutality that normally showed against anti-apartheid demonstrators. Eleanor remembered that it was possible that without the presence of the white couple, Harold and Maggy Strachan, heading a rally and facing armed policemen ready to fire, another massacre of black working-class protesters would have followed the Sharpville Massacre (39). Because of her class, she also earned some form of respect. As a middle-class South African, she was also not an immediate target of suspicion, for how many middle-class people would sacrifice their comfortable social status for the risks involved in fighti ng against the apartheid? In addition, Eleanor had a bookstore, and so she was also able to order subversive books from America and use it as a front line for sending and receiving messages for ANC members. Her class provided money and social status that enabled her to serve the ANC and to end apartheid. As a woman, Eleanor also accessed greater social support, respect, and care than men. Eleanor’s gender was a source of social support. She remembered being imprisoned

Nursing reading research 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing reading research 3 - Essay Example From the article it is difficult to ascertain the consent rate because the survey was conducted in an 11-bed ICU ward and only seven family members have been involved in the study. There is no indication as to whether all the 11 beds were occupied or not, and if it were fully occupied why there remaining four were not included. In addition it is stated that â€Å"recruitment of participants continued until saturation of the initial data occurred† leaving some gap in target sample size. (Bond, et al, 2003). The mortality rate was above 57% (4 out of 7 participant’s relatives died).This data has much relevance with the research outcome, because the data reinforced the seriousness of severe traumatic brain injury and the extreme need to support families of such patients during the patients’ ICU stay†. The data size was seven family members, with dissimilar relationship, of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Their ages ranged from 41 to 61 years. Since this is a qualitative study the small sample (7 participants) size can provide â€Å"insights about a particular group or patients† and â€Å"can illustrate qualitative findings.† The study was conducted at an eleven-bed neurological ICU in a level I trauma centre. Initial data collection was held in the privacy of a nearby waiting room, and subsequent interviews were conducted either at the hospital or by telephone, at the participant’s convenience. This study was quasi-experimental one aimed to formulate hypothesis for further research and except using inclusion criteria there were no independent variables that have to be controlled, and content analysis was used to identify common themes. Though interview method was the primary instrument of data collection, its variations like personal interview, additional daily interview, telephonic data collection, appropriate follow-up,

The Measure of a Man Essay Example for Free

The Measure of a Man Essay And in this way, smiling, nodding to the music, he went another mile or so and pretended that he was not already slowing down, that he was not going to turn back, that he would be able to drive on like this alone, and have the right answer when his wife stood before him in the doorway of his home and asked, Where is he? Where is your brother?(Wolff 269) What is the measure of a rich man? Is it his material possessions, the extent of his spirituality, or is it how he chooses to share his wealth with others, whether it is material or spiritual? Are we really our brothers keeper or are we keepers of only our own wants and desires? These are all questions posed by Tobias Wolff in his short story, The Rich Brother. However, he provides an underlying answer to these questions. Is Pete really the richer brother because he has more material possessions? Wolff leads the reader to believe that this statement is not accurate. Although Pete has more money and material possessions than his brother, Donald is truly the richer brother because of his spiritual insight and the care he exhibits toward Pete. Money alone is not the measure of a rich man. Wolff conveys this message through Petes values, his attitude toward Donald, and through religious symbolism. Wolff makes it very evident to the reader what Petes values are throughout the story. When Pete has the dream about being blind it allows the reader to draw the conclusion that he is blinded by his own wealth. He cannot see what is really important in life. Pete is more concerned about being seen as a prosperous individual than he is about being seen as a spiritual individual. Because of this it is hard for him to understand his brother Donald and this is evident when the narrator says, Pete couldnt make sense of it. Their parents were both dead, but while they were alive neither of them had found it necessary to believe in anything. They had managed to be decent people without making fools of themselves, and Pete had the same ambition(Wolff 257) Pete believes that money is a sign of your success in life and he feels that Donalds life is worthless because he doesnt have any money or material things to show for it. This is made apparent when Pete says, You dont know! How could you know? You get money by holding out your hand You work too. Dont kid yourself brother(Wolff 267). Another example of this is when the narrator says, He handed down his judgements in ways that he seemed to consider subtle: through significant silence, innuendo, looks of mild despair that said, Brother, what have you come to? What Pete had come to, as far as he could tell, was prosperity. That was the real issue between them. Pete prospered and Donald did not prosper(Wolff 257) Another instance in which his values are illustrated is when Donald asks him what he dreams about and Pete says, Sex and money. Mostly money. A nightmare is when I dream I dont have any(Wolff 261). This allows the reader to see that all Pete cares about is money and it makes it hard for the reader to sympathize with him. Petes attitude toward his brother also makes it hard for the reader to sympathize with him. He views his brother as a waste of his own time and money and is very jealous of Donald as well. Wolff makes this clear to the reader when Donald says, Youre basically a very frightened individualVery threatened. Youve always been like that. Do you remember when you used to try to kill me?(Wolff 262). It becomes apparent that Pete used to try and kill Donald because he received more attention from their mother. This is also evident when Pete says, Mom was in a state every time you burped(Wolff 262). Pete also continuously tries to free himself from the responsibility of taking care of his brother. This is illustrated when he finds out that Donald gave the money away. Pete tells Donald, You just keep quiet or I swear to God I wont be responsible(Wolff 267). Petes jealous tendencies also become visible when he thinks about Donalds promise from Webster coming true. And it came to him that it would be just like this unfair life for Donald to come out ahead in the end, by believing in some outrageous promise that would turn out to be true(Wolff 268). All  these factors help aid the reader in drawing the conclusion that Donald is the richer of the two brothers. Although Wolff uses the actions and dialogues of the characters to emphasize the fact that Pete is not as rich as he may seem, Wolff also uses religious symbolism to help the reader make this connection as well. This entire story parallels the biblical parables of The Prodigal Son and Cain and Abel. Pete thinks to himself, What a joke if there really was a blessing to be had, and the blessing didnt come to the one who deserved it, the one who did all the work, but to the other.(Wolff 268). He is very jealous that someone could get ahead of him in life just by doing nothing. At the end of the story narrator says, hepretendedthat he was not going to turn back, that he would be able to drive on like thisand have the right answer when his wife stood before him in the doorway of his home and asked, Where is he? Where is your brother?(Wolff). This provides evidence for the reader to see the parallel between Wolffs story and Cain and Abel. Wolff also uses many subtle symbolic gestures to add to the religious theme of the story. The names of all the towns mentioned in this story have a religious meaning. For example, Santa Cruz, Paso Robles, and Soledad. Santa Cruz means holy cross, Paso Robles means, withered tree, and Soledad means loneliness. He also uses the character of Webster to symbolize Greed and Hell. Wolff makes this evident when Webster states, The doctors have no name for it, but I doGreed. My greed, not hers.(Wolff 264). It is also symbolic when Webster gets dropped off in Soledad. It is insinuated that love of material things only results in loneliness and love of material things can only lead to Hell. When Webster speaks of the Lowlands, he is speaking about Hell. All these aspects of the story help add to its religious connotation. We all have heard the famous cliche, Money is the root of all evil. It is easy for a person to say that he would be charitable if he was rich, but money is a very powerful object in todays society and it definitely can change someone. Money cant buy happiness, it only brings loneliness. What is the use of having material possessions if we dont have anyone to share them with. There are many people in the world that are in need and it should  be our goal to provide assistance. We are our brothers keeper no matter how bad we would like to forget it.

relgion 101 papal states :: essays research papers

There were mixed reactions among Arab states to a contentious Jordanian proposal, which aims to revise the long-standing Arab strategy to normalise relations with Israel by sidestepping direct reference to the Jewish state's return of occupied Arab territories. But, Syria is expectedly raising concerns over the Jordanian plan, which drops specific references to Israel's return of Arab land seized during the 1967 Middle East war - including Syria's Golan Heights - as part of any full normalisation with the Arab state. The proposal by Jordanian King Abd Allah II is expected to dominate the two-day Arab League summit starting on Monday as it aims to amend a Saudi Arabian-crafted strategy, which was endorsed by Arab leaders at a 2002 summit in Beirut. The Saudi plan, known as the "Arab initiative," offered Israel full ties with Arab states in return for the handover of Arab territories, including the Palestinian West Bank and Syria's Golan Heights. Reservations Arab foreign ministers convened on Saturday for official talks to finalize the two-day summit's agenda, which Abd Allah's proposal is expected to feature prominently on. Damascus has reservations over Jordan's proposal An Arab delegate, speaking on condition of anonymity, said that 13 of the Arab League's 22 members are showing implicit support for the Jordanian proposal, which some see as a way to compel Israel to meet its requirements under the US-backed road map for regional peace. Nine Arab states, including Syria, have reservations over the current draft. Diplomats have asked the Jordanian and Palestinian foreign ministers to come up with a new drafting for Abd Allah's proposal in an apparent bid to make it acceptable to all sides. Reword Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu al-Ghait said on Saturday that Jordan wants to reword, not change, the 2002 Arab initiative to make it more easily understood by the international community. Syria is worried the draft effects their right to the Golan Heights †The Jordanians are saying that through their consultations with the international community they heard them saying that the Arab initiative is too long and has too many details," Abu al-Ghait told The Associated Press. â€Å"This means that many of the international sides couldn't grasp the content of this initiative because of its length and its details.† Abu al-Ghait said any â€Å"rewording of the initiative ... will need a new Arab consensus. We might succeed in this.† The Saudi-crafted Arab initiative calls for the Israeli withdrawal from East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Syria's Golan Heights, as well as the creation of a Palestinian state and right of return of refugees.

Health and Social Care Qcf Lvl 3

Communication and Sensory Loss ( units 301& 393) Explain the methods of communication used by individuals with hearing loss Individuals with hearing loss may use a variety of methods to communicate, depending on their preference. Often individuals may compensate for hearing loss by relying on their sight or responding to cues from others, therefore non verbal and written communication methods can be used. Non verbal methods include the use of eye contact, facial expression, touch, gestures, signs or sign language. Written communication methods include letters, pictures, texts or emails.Individuals may also use communication professionals such as lip speakers to enable them to respond and participate when communicating with others. Explain the methods of communication used by individuals with sight loss Due to sight loss individuals may communication using auditory, verbal and non verbal methods. Verbal methods such as talking face to face or over the phone may be used. Auditory metho ds such as listening and responding to taped information could also be used depending on the individuals preference.Non verbal methods such as touch, gestures and tactile methods including the use of brail could also be used. Depending on the severity of the sight loss other methods such as low vision aids could also enable the individual to respond and communicate with others. Explain the methods of communication used by individuals who are deafblind Depending on the individuals preference, age of onset, strongest sense, education or background, individuals who are deafblind may use a variety or combination of communication methods. Read also: â€Å"Advice About Communication†Sensory methods may be used such as touch, gestures or facial expressions. The use of brail could be used to enable an individual to read and responded to others or alternatively the use of the deaf blind manual alphabet. Other rare methods such as tadoma could also be used. Depending on the onset and nature of the individuals condition, methods such as sign language could also be used if sight has been lost later on. Describe how you could use your environment/setting to make communication more effective with individuals with sensory lossDepending on the nature of an individuals sensory loss, the environment can be adapted effectively to facilitate communication . It is important that background noise and the acoustics of environments are considered, as this could impact on an individuals ability to communicate or interpret information from others. It is therefore important that background noise is kept to a minimum and environments are adapted appropriately as individuals who are blind or partially deaf will be relying on their hearing to engage and interoperate others effectively.Effective use of lighting, visual cues and colour to create contrast between surfaces could be adapted within an environment. This could enable individuals, particularly with partial sight loss to communicate more effectively and feel more engaged within their environment. Taking into consideration the importance of privacy where appropriate is also important, to enable individuals to feel more comfortable and secure within their environment and to facilitate communicate. Explain how effective communication can have a positive impact on the lives of people with sensory lossEffective communication can have a positive impact on the lives of individuals with sensory loss, as it can enable individuals to engage with others and within their environment, therefore facilitating participation and promoting engagement in everyday life. Effec tive communication can also enable individuals to make informed choices about their everyday life and have control over the life choices that they make. Through effective communication individuals can also therefore maintain their dignity and feel more empowered and engaged in their every day tasks.Describe the different things you should think about when you are promoting effective communication When promoting effective communication, it is important to consider different preferences individuals may have regarding communication methods they would like to use. It is important that assumptions are not made regarding communication methods, as different backgrounds, age, cultures or educational backgrounds could influence individuals choice of communication. By taking into considering such components, individuals will be treated in a person centred manner.When promoting effective communication it is also important to consider the impact of stereotyping and discrimination. These factors could impact upon individuals with sensory loss and those who communicate with them. Individuals with sensory loss may be portrayed as lacking capacity or being dependant on others. It is therefore important that when promoting effective communication, independence, access to information and choice is also promoted to help eliminate discrimination and enable individuals to feel more empowered.It is also important to consider physical and environmental barriers which may effect an individuals ability to communicate. In order to promote effective communication it is important to consider such factors as they could impact further on an individuals ability to communicate and access facilities or services. Explain how individuals from different backgrounds may use different communication methods, and may interpret communication in different ways An individuals background may effect their communication methods and also their interpretations of communication.Cultural backgrounds could inf luence how individuals perceive certain gestures or body language as certain gestures are not universal. Different cultures also hold a variety of different values and beliefs which can influence how an individual chooses to communicate and with who. Language differences could also impact on how individuals perceive others and may affect their ability to communicate. Different generations of people may also use communication methods differently and interoperate others in other ways.Older people for example may not feel confident communicating using new technology or may hold certain beliefs about communication which they have internalised over their lives. Explain how and where you would get extra support or services to assist individuals to communicate effectively There are a variety of different services and places to access extra support for individuals, to enable them to communicate effectively. The National Registers of communication professionals can be accessed to find suitab le professionals to assist individuals in communicating effectively.Social services departments can be contacted, as social workers are trained to work with those with visual and hearing impairments to assist them in accessing services or communicating with those involved in the individuals care. Occupational therapists can also be contacted to carry out assessments and provide aids, equipment and adaptations. Such adaptations and equipment can promote independence and enable individuals to communicate more effectively. Other health services such as audiology, eye health clinics and salt can be contacted to provide further assessments and treatment.Opticians can also provide care by monitoring eye health in order for adaptations to be made when needed, to insure that effective communication is maintained. The Royal National Institute for the Blind and Action on Hearing Loss can provide further support for individuals as well as evidenced based information for those in contact with i ndividuals to promote effective communication. Other services such as The British Institute of Learning Disabilities, The Alzheimer’s Society and mental health services can also be accessed through the internet or doctors to provide care and information, depending on the needs of the individual.

“A Study on the Relationship between Overpopulation and Depletion of Natural Resources that Affects the Economic Status of the Philippines” Essay

In the year 1990, there were approximately 60.70 million people living in the Philippines. Population increased from 1990 to 2000 by approximately 15.81 million people. In 2012, the Philippines total reaches 103.78 million compared to the 2000 population of 81.16 million. The size of the human population is changing at an extremely high rate in the last years which makes the state the 12th most overpopulated country in the whole world. According to U.S. Agency for International Development (2000), it is foreseen that in the year 2030, the population growth will be unstoppable and will be doubled. Population matters in country’s economy. The rapid population growth is revealed to have both affirmative and undesirable impact on economy and financial system of a country depending on how it is utilized. An overpopulated country is said to produce great number in terms of human resources. Villegas (2010) stated that large population is â€Å"both a source of manpower and as a base for a domestic market on which the economic growth of a country can be sustained, despite periodic ups and downs in the global market.† It also points positive impact on economies of scale and specialization, the possible spur to favorable motivation caused by increased dependency. However, overpopulation and rapid population growth hinders economic development. Theoretical analysis contends that high population growth creates pressures on limited natural resources. If population grows at 2% a year, supplies of housing, food and other goods must increase that much just to maintain the current standard of living. Water Resources Water is a basic economic resource which is a natural endowment to man. Nowadays, it is becoming a scarce resource with the ever-growing demand for household and industrial consumption. As an economic resource, pricing of water is largely determined by the cost of extraction from its natural water supply source and the cost of distribution. Water is likewise a basic need for the survival of individuals and family households. Many health and morbidity problems are associated with the quality and availability of water for human consumption. With the ever increasing population, the demand for potable water in urban areas has also increased, while the water sources began to decline over time. Water pollution is a major reason for the decreased availability of and access to clean potable water. This was the observation made by Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Senior Research Fellow Dr. Danilo Israel whose review imputes poor management of freshwater water resources, particularly in the area of water pollution. He says that while freshwater is abundant in the country, estimates show that only 39 percent of classified inland surface water bodies are potential water sources for domestic use. Based on further estimates, he also said that only 1,907 cubic meters (the second lowest among Southeast Asian countries) of freshwater are available to every Filipino annually. This predicament, according to Israel, is further exacerbated by water pollution. Access to clean and adequate water remains an acute seasonal problem in urban and coastal areas in the Philippines. The National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of water quality and quantity. If this trend continues, more Filipinos will not have enough access to safe-drinking water especially since demand for clean water constantly increases with population growth. As a consequence, the country may not attain the Millennium Development Goal that at least 86.6 percent of the population should have adequate access to potable water by 2015. Cleanfreshwater is a vital natural resource and without its ample supply, the lives and health of people could be put to risk. Specifically, there is a positive relationship between water pollution and water-borne diseases. The World Bank, for instance, has estimated that exposure to water pollution and poor sanitation accounts for one-sixth of reported disease cases, and nearly 6,000 premature deaths per year. Additionally, just over a third or 36 percent of the country’s river systems are classified as sources of public water supply. Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coli form and needs treatment. Land Resources Land resources refer to a delineable area of the earth’s terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface, climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geohydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.) (FAO/UNEP, 1997). Arable land (suitable for growing crops) covers just three percent of the world’s surface. Based on historical data arable land decreases by 25 million acres annually – it is estimated that one hectare (one hectare equals 2.47 acres) of productive land is lost every 7.67 seconds. The greatest causes of lost productive land are desertification and urbanization. New deserts are growing at a rate of 51,800 square kilometers per year. As the dwindling forest cover, logically increases rainfall runoff, which favors the floods, soil erosion and reduces the amount that seeps into the ground to recharge aquifers. Wetlands often disappear in bits and pieces as developers fill in small ponds or parts of swamps and deltas. The cumulative effect, however, can be devastating for wildlife and people. In some states, more than 90 percent of wetlands have vanished. Wetlands not only support wildlife but also filter the drinking supply humans rely on. Half of the planet’s plant and animal species live in rainforests. Less than 2.5 billion acres of tropical forest remain from the four billion acres on Earth just a few hundred years ago. That translates to a huge loss of habitat, and the likely extinction of untold species. Most of the deforestation has occurred in the last few decades. There are many causes of habitat destruction, including logging, mining, oil drilling, and exploiting other natural resources; clearing land for agriculture and cattle ranches; development for residential areas; and roads for people to do all these activities. If the present rate of destruction continues, today’s forests will be gone by the year 2081. The total land area of the Philippines is about 30 million hectares, half of which is classified as forestlands, 47% as alienable and disposable lands, and the remaining 3% as unclassified forestlands. Logging has seriously depleted forest cover since the early 20th century. And there are more problems arising from the reduction of forest cover, as they will facilitate access to forest roads to pick up lumber, etc., They become drier and more susceptible to fires, which further reduces more wooded area and this, in turn, makes less rainwater to seep into the ground. Agricultural Resources As human population expands, the damaging effects on the environment multiply. Fast depletion of natural resources is just one of the effects of overpopulation. In our relentless effort to quench our never ending needs, we have destroyed the habitat of so many flora and fauna that this planet had nurtured to near perfection, through billions of years of evolution. The central issue for us over the next few decades is not climate change or the global financial crisis – it is whether humanity can achieve and sustain the enormous harvest we need from this planet to feed ourselves. The earth is only capable of sustaining a certain amount of life. As the population continues to rise, the supply of food will continue to dwindle. We can only produce a fixed amount of food with the resources we have. The rising number of humans also necessitates further land for them to use as habitation. Therefore, the more land used for us to live on, the fewer land is available for farming. It is a vicious circle which has no end if the population growth is not curbed. The food consumed by human is influenced by wide range of cultural and individual differences, mainly due to ecological as well as personal reasons. The source of much of the food consumed by man is terrestrial agricultural, which represents the most manipulated of all the non-urban ecosystems. There are two main types of agriculture (1) Crop agriculture in which plant production is harvested for use by man and (2) Animal agricultural where a crop from highly manipulated ecosystem is fed to domesticated animals. Food consumption pattern is different in different regions. The most important feature is that rice to the staple food for most Asians. In general a strong and healthy human consumes about 1.4 kg of food every day. Such a food serves as a source of energy and replacement of uses. Statement of the Problem The study focused on the relationship between overpopulation and depletion of natural resources that affects the economic status of the Philippines. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. How does overpopulation affects our natural resources such as: a. Water b. Land; and c. Agriculture 2. How the environmental impacts due to overpopulation do affects the economy of the Philippines? Objectives of the Study The study intended to investigate and to improve the understanding on the relationship between overpopulation and depletion of natural resources that affects the economic status of the Philippines. More specifically, the objectives are: 1. To evaluate the effects of overpopulation on natural resources such as water, land and agriculture. 2. To determine the effects of depletion of natural resources due to overpopulation on economy of the Philippines. Significance of the Study The basic definition of economics is choice under scarcity. Economists like to study how scarcity of resources and the differences in the distribution of these resources affect decisions made by the people. This concept can be applied and is significant to a single person, a family or a country. Natural resources are not only in the Philippines, but also in the whole wide world are limited and scarce. Water, for example, a lot of people need it but there is a limited amount of it, and so they see a market develop for it. In addition there are things like land and labor. If people could all have whatever they wanted, there would be no need to ration or trade, and therefore, there will be no Economics. Another, the management of natural resources is one of the most critical challenges facing the developing countries of today. The exploitation of high-value natural resources, including oil, gas, minerals and timber has often been cited as a key factor in triggering, escalating or sustaining violent conflicts around the globe. Furthermore, increasing competition and conflict for diminishing renewable resources, such as land and water, is on the rise. This is being further aggravated by environmental degradation, population growth and climate change. The mismanagement of natural resources is contributing to new conflicts and obstructing the peaceful resolution of existing ones. This study is substantial to all the sectors of the economy, may it be the government, the private firms or the commoners and the residents of every country. This will give them the proper knowledge about how population affects the limited natural resources. Aside from being an informed citizen, this study aims and is significant to make a difference. This research is a qualitative research and not an action. There will be no particular question to be asked and no certain acts to do. But due to this paper, the readers will think and give ideas within themselves on how to preserve the natural resources and not ruining it. This is important to give standing to the issues concerning different aspects of the economy. Definition of Terms Economics – A social science that studies how individuals, governments, firms and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants Macroeconomics – concentrates on the behavior of the aggregate economy Microeconomics – focuses on individual consumers. Overpopulation – is a term that refers to a condition by which the population density enlarges to a limit that provokes the environmental deterioration, a remarkable decline in the quality of life, or a population collapse. Population density – denotes the number of inhabitants dwelling in a specific area, for example: 100 inhabitants per square Kilometer. Natural resources – is resources occurring in nature that can be used to create wealth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports. Gross National Product (GNP) – is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad), minus income of non-residents located in that country. Desertification – is the conversion of grassland or an already arid land into a desert through indiscriminate human actions magnified by droughts. Resources depletion – an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region Chapter II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter provides a framework for understanding the relationship between overpopulation and the natural resources. Figure 1.1 The Variable and its Relationship Economics deals with the efficient allocation of limited resources to satisfy the unlimited consumption of the citizens. Governments intervene on balancing scarce resources through mechanisms such us price rationing system. They can facilitate economic activity in certain geographic regions. There is a direct relationship between population and resources. Figure 1.1 shows different variables in the study, population as the independent and natural resources such as land, agriculture and water as dependent variable. This study will provide sufficient knowledge on the effects of great population in the Philippines to the limited and scarce resources that the country is facing. Moreover, it will suggest some solutions on how it will be efficiently allocated to the citizens of the country. Philippines, as one of the developing countries, contributes on the worldly economic activities, thus, making its own economy create a great impact on the economy of the world. Chapter III RELATED STUDIES The Philippines is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea, on the south by the Sulu and Celebes seas, on the west by the South China Sea, and on the north by Luzon Strait. The Philippine Islands lie off the southeastern coast of the Asian mainland, across the South China Sea from Vietnam and China. The shortest distance to the mainland, from the northern Philippines to Hong Kong, is about 805 km (500 mi). The Philippine Islands extend about 1,850 km (1,150 mi) from north to south (between Taiwan and Borneo Island) and about 1,100 km (700 mi) from east to west. Malaysia and Indonesia, which each hold territory on Borneo, are the republic’s closest political neighbors. The Philippines covers a total area, not including its extensive coastal waters, of 300,000 sq km (116,000 sq mi). More than 7,100 islands and islets are included in the Philippine archipelago. The 11 largest islands make up more than 90 percent of the total area. Only about 460 islands are larger than 2.6 sq km (1 sq mi), and about 1,000 are populated. The Philippines has extensive mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, nickel, lead, and chromium. Other important, but less plentiful, deposits of zinc, cobalt, and manganese also exist. Copper has been mined extensively and is the leading mineral product, but many of the country’s mineral resources remain unexploited. The Philippines has limited offshore petroleum and natural gas reserves. About 19 percent of the Philippines is forested. Logging has seriously depleted forest cover since the early 20th century. The Philippine waters are abundant with many varieties of fish, which are an important natural resource as a staple of the Philippine diet and an export commodity. Johnson (2012) stated that one thing all humans on this planet need to survive is resources. Resources like food and water are bare essentials for life. The countries that are experiencing the highest growth rates are all developing countries, with the exception of the United States. This countries lack the technology that other developed countries have and therefore things we consider basic they have never used. We watch our televisions everyday while they may have never seen a TV before. They also lack the basics that we take for granted like indoor plumbing. Some countries water supply is the same as their sewage. India has one of the fastest growing populations in the world and the Ganges River shows their lack of resources available to the people of India. The Ganges is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. It supports over 400 million people with a population density of 1,000 people per square mile. India is an example of developing country that has a rise in its population growth rate. It cannot support its population now; many of the people in India are forced to bathe in the Ganges because they have no access to any other water source. If this population continues to grow the river will continue to get more and more polluted making it unsafe for the millions of people that rely on it. This is not the only place in the world that the larger populations are supported by limited resources. Along with the people in India relying on the Ganges over three fifths of people in developing countries lack basic sanitation, one third have no access to clean water, and a quarter lack adequate housing. More often than not the places where the population growth rates are the highest are the places least able to support the rise in population. Only the United States can continue to support one of the world’s largest populations because we are a developed country and the increase comes mostly from immigration. These countries that continue to grow, despite being limited in resources, are the biggest areas of deforestation and depletion of natural resources. These areas lack strong government and are unable to enforce the depletion of resources. The United Nations predict that currently 1 billion people lack the basic needs that we take for granted every day. With a lack of technology developing countries will continue to destroy resources at an alarming rate while many struggle to survive every day. Freshwater is the most fundamental of finite resources. It has no substitutes for most uses and is expensive to transport. But freshwater sources are dwindling or becoming contaminated throughout the world. Chronic or acute water shortage is increasingly common in many countries with fast-growing populations, becoming a potential source of conflict. However, existing technologies offer great potential for improving on the efficiency of its use. Based from the study of Walden Bello, the state of the economy, even some of the administration’s friends have pointed out, is a thin reed on which to rest. In a recent article, Peter Wallace, an influential consultant, deconstructed the 7.3 per cent growth rate recorded for the Philippines in 2007, showing that the figure is actually a statistical fluke that stems from the way the measure Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is computed. The figure actually masks something negative: the fall of imports by 5.4 per cent. â€Å"So because we had less imports, GDP looked good,† Wallace says. â€Å"From where I sit, that does not indicate a strong, growing economy, the best in 31 years.† With no less irony, the World Bank agrees: â€Å"Remarkably, weaker import growth made the largest 1arithmetical contribution to the growth acceleration in 2000-07 compared to 1990-99.† It added that this was not â€Å"consistent with sustained fast growth in the longer term.† The reality, Wallace points out, is indicated by the same brutal numbers: more poor people in 2007 than in 2000, more people without jobs, a real decline in average family income, the shrinking of the middle class as more people jump ship and swim to other shores. â€Å"Notwithstanding higher growth,† the World Bank chimes in, â€Å"the latest official poverty estimates show that between 2003 and 2006, when GDP growth averaged 5.4 per cent, poverty incidence increased from 30.0 to 32.9 per cent. This level of poverty incidence is almost as high as it was in 2000 (33 per cent). Indeed the magnitude of poor Filipinos rose to its highest level in 2006: of a population of 84 million in 2006, 27.6 million Filipinos fell below the national poverty threshold of P15, 057.† If you pop the famous â€Å"Ronald Reagan† question to most Filipinos—â€Å"Do you feel better off now than four years ago†Ã¢â‚¬â€there is no doubt about how they would answer. For many people, the main problem confronting the economy is spelled G-MA. But for those who have spent time studying the Philippine economy, Arroyo is not the problem, but part of a bigger problem that extends far into the recent past. The collective responsibility of the last five administrations for our economic malfunctioning becomes stark when viewed in a comparative context. According to the latest Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), with the growth in GDP per capita averaging 1.6 per cent per annum in the period 1990 to 2005, the Philippines’ economic growth record was the worst in Southeast Asia, with even all the so-called lower-tier ASEAN countries significantly to outstripping it. Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The world’s population reached over 6.60 billion in July 2007 and will reach 6.68 billion by July this year and 7.00 billion by July 2012 (according to CIA estimates). Countries with large populations and few food resources or poor food distribution programs could end up becoming desperate refugees moving to their neighboring countries. One out of every seven people alive, go to bed hungry. Every day, 25,000 people die because of malnutrition and hunger-related diseases. Almost 18,000 of them are children under 5 years old. Figure 4.1 Population in the Philippines The figure above shows the increasing population of the Philippines. From approximately 80 million, the population increases up to 100 million. As population increases, natural resources also get used up faster than they can be replaced. This can result on economic pressure and interrelated web of global environmental problems such as resources depletion. Problem no. 1 How does overpopulation affects our natural resources such as water, land and agriculture. Population and Water Resources Population influences the freshwater resources, its quality and supply, in both rural and urban areas through demands for water and human activities such as irrigation. One major consequence of overpopulation has been the outstanding usage of freshwater, thus leading to a major freshwater crisis that will definitely affect the future of our planet. It is also domineering to see the whole issue in perspective and how the increasing number of people in the surface of the Earth is relative to the amount of waste being produced. Hence, the constant pollution of the environment, along with bodies of water has exponentially decreased the quantity of usable water for the future of our generations. This has critically been an issue because the oceans are mistaken for available water, but in actuality, the Earth has a finite supply of fresh water which in order to be converted from saline water to potable water, the amount of energy needed is prohibited. Thus water has become quite a scare commodity that few countries and civilizations seem to take into consideration. The National Water Resources Board under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Philippines is responsible for ensuring the optimum exploitation, utilization, development, conservation and protection of the country’s water resource, consistent with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management. The country is endowed with rich natural resources – including water – which are essential for the country’s economic development and in meeting its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Water resources of the Philippines include inland freshwater (rivers, lakes, and groundwater), and marine (bay, coastal, and oceanic waters). Overall, there is sufficient water but not enough in highly populated areas, especially during dry season. Citing the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), Israel explains that the number of monitored freshwater bodies which failed the standard in terms of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) has been increasing significantly at average annual rates of 22.90 percent and 22.30 percent, respectively, from 2000 to 2007. Likewise, he explains that many freshwater bodies, especially those in urban areas, have been contaminated with suspended solids, heavy metals and other harmful chemicals. Population and Land Resources According to Higgins (1982), carrying capacity presumes that there are critical levels of population that any given land area can support. This level is determined by soil and climatic conditions. The carrying capacity and population has a direct relationship. When population increases in a given area, the increased demand on production can induce stress and consequent degradation of the land resource. As population grows continuously, the space in a given place remains constant, thus, making it limited. Land resources can also be limited because of land problems and imbalance. In the past 100 years the world has lost almost half its forest area. And, as indicated by reports of the FAO (Food and Agriculture) the Earth is losing on net every year 11.2 million hectares of virgin forest. This is reportedly the World Wildlife Fund, mainly due to its use as an energy source (about 2000 million people worldwide depend on wood as fuel) of agricultural and livestock expansion and mining and logging companies activities, often beyond control. Population and Agriculture Some theories propose that population growth would outrun the ability to produce food, thus, leading this to famine, disease, and other disasters. The use of land, specifically in agriculture, is an essential part of humanity. We depend on agriculture to supply us with food, fiber and biofuels. Without a highly efficient, progressive, and productive agricultural system, our society would collapse and cease to function. As the population grows and grows continuously, we are demanding more and more from the agricultural systems, pushing them to their limits. At this rate, we would have to double, or triple the agricultural production in our economy. The rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization has also adversely affected the quality of water, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies. Problem no. 2 How the environmental impacts due to overpopulation do affects the economy of the Philippines? As the population grows, it pushes the GDP per capita of a nation down. While the government tries to meet the needs of its people, with increase in population, the demand for resources keeps growing. With not enough food to take care of its men, such countries can’t even think of producing surplus to export and with this starts the vicious cycle of relying on foreign debt. With more people and less resources, there is unemployment that leads to poverty and increased crime rate. Shrinking habitat is giving rise to increased conflict between man and animals. As the borders between forests and human settlements gets blurred by the day, human beings are being exposed to viruses that are carried by wild animals who have the immunity that we lack. This is precipitating in newer and more virulent strains of microorganisms causing serious diseases in human beings. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The human population has been increasing at an extremely high rate in the last century and unfortunately, not much has been done to slow down this process. Undoubtedly, overpopulation is a global issue. It is global because it pertains to all of humanity, but global also means that it affects the whole world, i.e. the environment. Almost all human activities impact negatively the environment in one form or another, and as human population expands, the damaging effects on the environment multiply. As the population grows, it pushes the GDP per capita of a nation down. While the government tries to meet the needs of its people, with increase in population, the demand for resources keeps growing. With not enough food to take care of its men, such countries can’t even think of producing surplus to export and with this starts the vicious cycle of relying on foreign debt. This puts the country in debt at stretches the government’s already meager resources. Furthermore, when a country is overpopulated, there is a high rate of unemployment because there just aren’t enough jobs to support the population. This results in a high level of crime because the people will need to steal things in order to survive. As natural resources become scarce, the production is bound to decrease. However, in a crowded society, demand remains strong. This causes the prices of goods increase, in order to balance supply and demand. However, a price change cannot suddenly reduce the need for a large population of. Therefore, prices remain high and continue to grow even as people consume expensive products. The depletion of natural resources is one of the most critical problems of the global community is facing, especially after the sharp increase in world population over the last century. Each person has a number of vital (food, drink, clothing) and non-life (education, employment, recreation) needs, which all require the consumption of Earth’s resources. When the number of people applying to these needs becomes extremely high, the shortage becomes a critical problem in extreme cases can cause a â€Å"Malthusian catastrophe† According to the theory of overpopulation advanced by Enlightenment demographer Thomas Robert Malthus, Malthusian catastrophe is an event which results from a period of unchecked population growth. Many determining factors build the success or demise of a country. Our forefathers have created that successful nation with blood and sweat, through trials and tribulations. It is up to this generation to ensure the advantageous outlook of this country for our future offspring. This population difficulty casts an impending downfall for our country and must be stopped. Research and analysis need to be performed, consequently summarizing the most favorable actions to be taken. These actions then need to be embraced by state and federal governments, who in turn need to be aggressive in enacting firm and dynamic policies to thwart this crisis. Food shortage will be prevented or lessened if we quickly stabilize population and find some as-yet-discovered agricultural advancement. Overpopulation causes rural farming people to outgrow their lands, so the grown children move to cities. Urbanization eats up farmland, reducing crop production. Also growing seasons are becoming hotter, so many crops fail due to heat and drought. Overuse of the soils caused by overpopulation leads poor nourishment for crops and eventually desertification. Overpopulation draws on available water to the point that there is not enough to water crops. REFERENCES Herrin, A. Population and Development Research in the Philippines: A Survey. Retrieved from: http://www.pids.gov.ph/index2.php?pr=81 Trade Chakra.(2008).Water Resources in Philippines. Retrieved from:http://www.tradechakra.com/economy/philippines/water-resources-in-philippines-267.php Candelaria,A.P.(1996). Assessing the Potable Water Consumption in the Urban Barangays of Sto. Domingo, Albay Province, Philippines. Retrieved from: http://www.arsa1996.org/pictures/pdf/ARSA_IV_PRCDGS_VOL1/SOCIAL%20CHANGE%20AND%20TRANSFORMATION/13_Candelaria_429-443.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization.(1997). Land Resources, Management, Planning and Use. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/lr-home/en/ Countries Quest. Land and Resources, Natural Resources. Retrieved from: http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/philippines/land_and_resources/natural_resources.htm Wills,R.(October 2012). Resource Scarcity and Population Growth. Retrieved from: http://www.financialsense.com/contributors/richard-mills/resource-scarcity-and-population-growth Environmental and Global Health. (2011). Depletion and Destruction of Natural Resources (III). Retrieved from: http://www.environmedia.com/depletion-and-destruction-of-natural-resources-iii.htm Macnevin,S.(2008).Climate Change, Food Shortages and Overpopulation. Retrieved from: http://environmental.lilithezine.com/Climate-Change-Food-Shortages.html Institute for Population Studies.(2009-2010) . Overpopulation: Environmental and Social problems. Retrieved from: http://howmany.org/environmental_and_social_ills.php Johnson, B. (2012). Overpopulation Problems; Lack of Resources. Retrieved from http://blogs.longwood.edu/johnsonba/2012/02/24/overpopulation-problems-lack-of-resources/ Countries Quest. Land and Resources. Retrieved from: http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/philippines/land_and_resources.htm Bello,W. In the Shadow of Debt. Retrieved from: View as multi-pages

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), the only National Standards body of Bangladesh, is playingan important role in developing and Promoting industrial Standardization. Keeping in view that Standardization, metrology, testing and quality control in the industrial spheres are the basic pre-requisite of the infrastructure necessary for sound economic development of the country, the Government of Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).The Institutions task is to prepare Standards for all articles, products, methods and services. The Institution can bring any product under BSTI’s Compulsory Certification marking after approval of the Govt. A regulation has already been notified by special Regulatory order named BSTI Regulation 1989 for this purpose. The BSTI marks cannot be used under any circumstances by others without approval in advance from BSTI. Only the standards approved, and passed by the Institution are called Ba ngladesh Standards. About BSTI:The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. BSTI is headed by a Director General. The primary activities of the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) are: standardi- zation of services and products (S); introduction of the international unit system of weights and measures and promotion of metrology services (M); promotion of quality assurance activities; rendering testing facilities for services and products; preparation, promotion and adoption of national standards.The Institution is also empowered with some regulatory measures in these fields. The Institutional budget is fully supported by its own income. The importance of BSTI is being increasingly felt due to the governments cardinal policy to make industries export oriented and to supply the consumers at home and abroad with quality products. The Institution is emerging as a forceful exponent in t he overall development of the country. The introduction of the international unit system (SI Units) and promotion of metrology services are also gaining momentum.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BANGLADESH STANDARDS AND TESTING INSTITUTION: The functions of BSTI are conducted through some of its organs. The organs of BSTI are as follows: 1. The BSTI Council .. 2. The sectional Committees .. 3. The Director General and the staff. Following are the organizations, duties and responsibilities of these organs The BSTI Council: The general direction and administration of the affairs and functions of the Institution is vested in a Council,which may exercise all powers and perform all functions, which may exercised or performed by the Institution.BSTI Council, the highest decision making organ of the Institution, consists of the following members: a) The Minister in charge of Ministry of Industries, ex officio, shall also be the chairman of the council. .. b) The Secretary, Ministry of Indus tries, ex officio, shall also be the vice chairman of the council and, .. c) The Director General, ex officio, act as the secretary of the council. .. d) Representative from different Ministries, Business chembers, different scientific organization and Universities.The Council shall in discharging its duties, be guided by such instructions as may be given to it by the Government from time to time. The sectional Committees: ? Chairman ? At least one member from the Institution ? Representatives from relevant Govt. / Autonomous bodies ? Representatives from universities, and ? Representatives from the Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The Director General and staff: BSTI is headed by a Director General who is the principal executive officer of the Institution and is responsible for the proper administration of the Institution.The Director General is appointed by the Government on such terms and conditions as it may determine. Various wings of BSTI ? STANDARDS WING ? LABORATORIES OF B STI ? CERTIFICATION MARKS WING ? METROLOGY ACTIVITIES ? ADMINISTRATION WING Laws governing the activities of BSTI ordinances: 1. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 37 0f 1985. 2. The Standards of Weights and Measures Ordinance XII of 1982. 3. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Ordinance XI of 1988. 4. The Standards of Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act 2001. Regulations: |  |1.The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee Service Rules, 1989. | 2. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Rules 1989. 3. The Standards of Weights and Measures Rules 1982. 4. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee (Pension Gratuity Rules 2002). The Functions of BSTI: .. (a) To set up Bangladesh Standards of quality and dimensions and prepare and promote the general adoption of standards on national and international basis relating to materials, commodities, structures, practices and operations and, from time to time, to withdraw, revise, alter and amend the same; . (b) To consider and recommend to the Government Bangladesh Standards for the measurement of length, weight mass, volume, and, energy; .. (c) To promote standardization, quality control, metrology and simplification in industry and commerce; .. (d) To secure compliance with the Bangladesh Standards adopted by the Institution by the producers and users; .. (e) To implement Bangladesh Standards through the administration of a national certification mark scheme or inspection of goods or both; . (t) To provide or arrange facilities for examination, testing and inspection of commodities, processes and practices for any investigation, research or promotion of export that may be necessary and to issue test reports; .. (g) To certify the quality of commodities, materials, produces, products and other things including food materials, whether for local consumption, export or import; .. h) To co ordinate the efforts of producers and users f or the improvement of materials, products, code of practice, appliances, processes and methods, so as to eliminate the national waste of material and time involved in the production of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles for one and the same purpose; .. (i) To establish and publish, in such manner as may be prescribed, the Bangladesh Standard Specifications in relation to any article or process or code of practice; .. j) to recognize, adopt or endorse as a Bangladesh Standard, in such manner as may be prescribed, any standard established by any other Institution in Bangladesh or in any foreign country, or by international organizations in relation to any article or process; .. (k) To specify a Standard Mark to be called the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark which shall be of such design and contain such particulars as may be prescribed to represent a particular Bangladesh Standard; .. l) To grant, renew, reject, suspend or cancel, i n such manner as may be prescribed, a license for the use of Standard Mark; .. (m) To make such inspection and take such samples of any material or substance as may be necessary to see Whether any article or process in relation to which the Standard Mark has been used or proposed to be used conforms to the Bangladesh Standard or whether the Standard Mark has been improperly used in relation to any, article or process with or without license; .. n) To utilize with the permission of the owners, the services of laboratories other than those maintained by the Institution and approve such laboratories for the purpose of the Institution; .. (o) To make arrangements or provide for the facilities, for the testing and calibration of precision instruments, gauges and scientific apparatus and for the issue of certificates in regard thereto so as to make them comply with the required standards; .. (p) To undertake execution of any trust or any agency business which it may consider conducive to the attainment of, its objectives; . (q) To co operate with any person, association, or organization, outside Bangladesh having objectives, similar to those for which the Institution is established; and .. (r) To do all such acts and things ancillary, or incidental to any of the aforesaid, functions. STANDARDISATION IN BANGLADESH It has been more than two thousand years since the rulers of Bengal put stress in the Field of quality. But during the long years since then, development of Quality management used to be very slow.Activities on quality were limited before the 2nd world War. The history of quality management in this subcontinent dates back to pre independent days when the Indian standards Institution was established in pursuance of the British Indian Government resolution in 1946. After partition the Indian standards Institution with Headquarter in Delhi remained there. Pakistan felt the necessity of a standard organization and accordingly a division of standardization start ed working as a part of the Central testing laboratories.Since late 1950s the qualitymanagement work been progressing. The Central Testing laboratory (CTL) government department was established in Dhaka in 1956 to provide testing facilities to government, private industries, organizations and business community. On 3rd October 1958 the Pakistan Standards Institution was established as an autonomous body with it’s headquartered in Karachi. A branch Office of Pakistan standards Institution was set up in Dhaka in 1963. The status of this office was later raised to Regional Office.Another office was set up at Chittagong in the in the name of Certification Marks Inspectorate in the Year 1966. With the Liberation of our country as an independent and sovereign state the Regional office of the erstwhile Pakistan standards Institution started functioning as Bangladesh Standards Institution. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The bilateral and international relations of the Bangladesh standards testing institution with other countries and various foreign agencies are conducted maturing the BSTIs policies of relation with all organizations abroad.The Bangladesh standards institution is a full member of the international standardization organization (ISO) as such, is the only agency, authorized to represent Bangladesh in international standardization work. The participation to the international work is made either through physical presence in fora where the international standards are prepared in technical committee meetings or by examining and evaluation whether the proposed standard conforms to Bangladesh conditions reporting the finding to the concerned entity.The institution likewise maintains an active participation with the SAARC standing committee on standards, metrology, testing and quality. Chamber of commerce and industries disseminates information on the seminars and symposia organized by these organizations and BSTI ensures, whenever possible, the dispatch or de legations to these events. The BSTI maintains relations with BIPM, OIML, APMP, WTO, ITC, codex A. C. of FAO and other international and regional organization.Quality control and information experts have been brought to the institution, using opportunities offered by the UNDP, BSTI experts attend meeting, seminars and workshops arranged and sponsored by WTO, ITC, SIDA of Sweden, ISO, PRODEC of Finland, INBAR, APMP, CSC, PORIM etc. ROLE OF BSTI IN THE ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH: ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS WINGS OF BSTI LABORATORIES OF BSTI The Laboratory service of the BSTI is provided by its central laboratories in Dhaka established in the year 1956 as well as in Chittagong and Khulna by two other regional labs.The central laboratories consists of three wings and 7 Divisions as . I. Electrical, Electronics and Engineering Laboratories. . 2. Civil, physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratories. . 3. Textile Laboratories . 4. Chemical Laboratories. . 5. Food and Bacteriological Laboratories. . 6. Metrology Laboratories. . 7. Industrial ; Scientific Metrology Laboratories. The regional laboratories have electrical, chemical and building material section.The following services are provided in general at the BSTIs laboratories . Research work on the draft standards, formulation of opinions and transmittal of the same to applicants; . Study of existing Bangladesh Standards for determining their eventual shortcoming and faults and initiation of action for revisions or modification as the case may be; . In situ examination of the facilities of the companies applying for the use of BSTI Mark, inspection and tests of samples taken and preparation of the relevant report; Laboratory examinations serving as the bases for the issue of production qualification certificates for the facilities of industries covered by the BSTI Ordinance no XXXVII of 1985, conformity to Bangladesh Standards certificates (BSTI Mark) on products for which Bangladesh Standards are available and quali ty conformity certificates on those for which Bangladesh Standards are yet to be published, performance of appropriate inspections and tests on the sampled products and preparation of relevant reports; . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by public and private organizations and preparation of the reports therefore . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by the concerned Ministries, Departments of commodities to which standards apply and preparation of the test reports;. . Method and standard studies in areas where Bangladesh Standards are unavailable. These laboratories perform the following services in their respective areas of interest. PHYSICAL TESTING WING Electrical, Electronics and Engineering laboratories 1. Cable Tests: .In this Laboratory PVC Insulated Cables, Flexible Cord, Power Cable (up to 50kV), Super enameled, Copper Conductor, Transformer oil(Dielectric strength up to 100kV), UPS, IPS, voltage stabilizer etc. are tested here as per relevant BDS and Interna tional Standards. 2. Single phase AC Energy meter: . This subsection is in charge of the inspections and tests shown in the standards for sockets, fixtures, ballasts, bulbs, lamps, breakers, switches and other lighting components and enameled winding wires and reports the results of these inspections and tests as required by the applicable standards. . Lighting Equipment: . In this sub-section executes the tests of Socket, Switches, fixtures, Fluorescent lamp, Filament lamp, Ballast, Circuit breaker. 4. High Voltage: . With capability to perform all tests required are the relevant Standards up to 50 kV, this sub section is in charge of low and high voltage measurement of distribution transformer, Single phase motor. |Civil, Physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratorie | | |Ceramic Tiles, Ceramic Table Ware, Washbasins, are inspected and tested at these laboratories. Connected components dealing with Bolts, Nuts, Wedges, Nail, Riv and others; Water Tanks, Door Locks, Hinges, Ste el Tubes, Valves, Fire Extinguishers, Concrete Cube/Cylinders and other similar product Testing of Bricks, Sand, Stone Chips, Cement laboratory dealing with the Cement, Aggregates Briquettes, Concrete Components, and M. S Rod Test of PVC Pipe, Ball Point Pen, Paper, Safety Match, G. P Sheet etc. Test of condoms; CHEMICAL TESTING WINGBSTI Chemical testing Laboratory service is provided by its Central Laboratory in Dhaka as will as by three regional Laboratories in Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. BSTI Chemical Laboratories consist of tow divisions as 1. Chemical Laboratories 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Chemical Laboratories have chemical Food sections. Generally the following services are provided in BSTI Chemical and Food Bacteriological Laboratories. 1. Chemical Laboratories The Chemical Laboratories are well equipped with modern instruments. The Chemical Laboratories provide Service support in -Wet Chemical analysis for analytical determination. Industrial analy sis of organic and inorganic and inorganic materials, Chemical Reagents. Analysis of petroleum and petroleum Products such as Fuel oil, Diesel oil, Lubricating oil and Mobil etc. Soap and Detergents, pulp Paper, Gum-Glue, Leather, Chemical Fertilizer etc. -Metal Testing facilities including Gold. 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Analysis of Cereal Bakery products such as Wheat Wheat Products, Biscuits, Noodles, Instant Noodles, Lachsa Shemai, Chips Crackers, Chanachur, Toffee Lozenges etc. -Analysis of Processed Fruit Products and Fruit Drinks such as Pickle, Jan-Jelly, Sauce, Chutney, Soft Drinks, Milk Milk Products (Ice- cream, Butter) etc. -Bacteriological analysis such as Total plate count, Coliform count, E-coli, Yeast mould count, Pathogenic micro organism for Drinking and mineral water, Soft drink, Milk milk Products, sauce, Chutney, and other Food Cosmetics etc. METROLOGY WING Metrology Laboratories Metrology laboratories ensure the accuracy reliabilit y of measuring instruments. It conducts calibration activities to make sure that the mechanical and thermic measuring instruments and equipment use d industrial production and commercial are well calibrated.It can provide training to the manufacturers, repairers and users of weights, measures and weighing and measuring instruments. Industrial Scientific Metrology Laboratories BSTI has been maintaining reference, secondary and working standards of weights and measures. These standard equipment are being used for calibration and verification of weights, measures and weighting and measuring instruments those are being used in transaction of trade and commerce, Industrial and scientific measurement. CERTIFICATION MARKS WINGQuality Assurance And Certification: The certification mark is a mark attested that the product or service is in conformity with the specific standard. When once this attestation is done by a third party, who is not directly concerned with the sale or purchase of goo ds, the buyer procures the goods bearing the certification mark, with some degree of confidence. The existence of the standard mark on products, certified under this scheme, enables the consumers to distinguish a quality product from an untested/substandard product in the market.Legal basis: Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) operates the certification marks scheme, under which the manufacturers /importers are licensed to use the standard mark on goods produced / imported by them in conformity to the relevant Bangladesh Standard (BDS). This scheme is governed by the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 1985 and the regulations made there under. The scheme covers Industrial products and agricultural produce and excludes drugs and pharmaceuticals (covered under drug Administration).To provide quick service to the applicants and licensees, BSTI operates through 5 regional branch offices, other than head office to take care of certification marks funct ion. Technical features: The Certification Marks scheme of BSTI incorporates following technical features (a) Initial type testing of products drawn at random from production line, in BSTI Laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI, for conformity to requirements of relevant Bangladesh standard (BDS). (b) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from licensees factory though testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory pproved by BSTI periodically. (c) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from the open market, through testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI. CONSUMERS PROTECTION The steps taken by the Institution during the period of a licence in operation are as follows: (a) Surprise inspections of the licensees factory are carried out periodically by the Institutions qualified inspecting officers and random samples are taken and tested in BSTI Laboratory. b) Products bearing the standard mark are collect ed by the surveillance team of the institution directly from the open market and tested in BSTI Laboratory. Representatives from the consumers association of Bangladesh (CAB) and the respective chamber of commerce and Industries help the surveillance team in performing its function. (c) Misuse of the Standard Mark by the unscrupulous manufacturer or dealer is punishable as per the provisions of the Ordinance, which provides for penalty and imprisonment to the offending party.Such activities of the unscrupulous manufacturers are brought to the notice of the consumers by different medias like TV, newspapers etc. (d) If the test reports of the sample collected from the market are found not in conformity with the relevant BDS a show cause notice is given to the producer. if the producer fails to reply the show cause notice or the reply of the show cause notice is found not satisfactory, the licence is cancelled and necessary action is taken. (e) Complaints on quality of certified prod ucts can be sent to the nearest branch office of the Institution.Such complaints are investigated including testing of the item in question and if deviations from the relevant Bangladesh Standard are found then necessary action is taken. Simultaneously. Causes for such failures are investigated and steps are taken with the licensee for necessary corrective action to avid recurrence of such deviation in the final product. PRODUCT LABELLING POLICY There is a Product Labelling Policy, 2006 in Bangladesh. At present manufacturers/Impoters labell their product at their own choice.To realise the importance of national product labelling standards, BSTI took initiative to formulate this Product Labelling Policy. Manufacturers name, full address and Country of origin has been incorporated in the product labelling for all products. In addition, Ingredients, Composition, Batch no. , Code no. , Expiry date/Use best before on and other information which are necessary has been incorporated in Che mical, Agriculture and Food products. The weights and measures will be expressed in System International Units.In the 16th Council Meeting of BSTI held on a 10 (ten) members committee headed by Additional Secretary, Ministry of Industries was constituted for the preparation of the final recommendation of the labelling policy. Later on, this committee finalized the product label classifications with the help of different organizations by taking their opinion / recommendations and finalized the Product Labelling Policy to protect the interest of manufacturers, suppliers, importers, exporters and consumers for Free Trade and fair competition. BSTI MOVES AHEADSince its   inception BSTI   has   come a long way. It is expanding, laboratories are   being  Ã‚   strengthened to upgrade at international level. At present BSTI is having 578 employees who will be further expanded. Offices outside Dhaka will also be strengthened for meaningful decentralization, so that the regional off ices can function as a mini BSTI. Realizing its importance the Government amended the existing bar that gave BSTI the required legal authority for quick enforcement and ensure consumers protection. The recent activities of BSTI have aroused enthusiasm among consumers.The Civil society, media and business community are taking interest in the day-to-day activities of BSTI. The Government is determined to make BSTI as an effective organization and extending all possible support to make it as an effective organization. Conclusion: Bangladesh is a developing country and the government is striving relentlessly to attain rapid economic development in the country. Many programs taken so far have been carried out successfully. Despite a lack of resources faced by the government, development programs in the key sectors have continued.At the same time, considering the importance of the private sector, an all-out support is being provided to initiates taken in this sector. As a result, a new ki nd of dynamism is under way in both the private and public sectors. In this backdrop, it is essential to examine various aspects of industrialization and its impacts on overall economic activities. From the above discussion, it is clear that BSTI has been playing an impotant and influencial role to the ecxonomy of Bangladesh. 1

Understanding Bioprinting and Its Applications

Understanding Bioprinting and Its Applications Bioprinting, a type of 3D printing,  uses cells and other biological materials as â€Å"inks† to fabricate 3D biological structures. Bioprinted materials have the potential to repair damaged organs, cells, and tissues in the human body. In the future, bioprinting may be used to build entire organs from scratch, a possibility that could transform the field of bioprinting. Materials That Can Be Bioprinted Researchers have studied the bioprinting of many different cell types, including stem cells, muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Several factors determine whether or not a material can be bioprinted. First, the  biological materials must be biocompatible with the materials in the ink and the printer itself. In addition, the mechanical properties of the printed structure, as well as the time it takes for the organ or tissue to mature, also affect the process.   Bioinks typically fall into one of two types: Water-based gels, or hydrogels, act as 3D structures in which cells can thrive. Hydrogels containing cells are printed into defined shapes, and the polymers in the hydrogels are joined together or crosslinked so that the printed gel becomes stronger. These polymers can be naturally derived or synthetic, but should be compatible with the cells.Aggregates of cells that  spontaneously fuse together into tissues after printing. How Bioprinting Works The bioprinting process has many similarities with the 3D printing process. Bioprinting is generally divided into the following steps:   Preprocessing: A 3D model based on a digital reconstruction of the  organ or tissue to be bioprinted is prepared. This reconstruction can be created based on images captured non-invasively (e.g. with an MRI) or through a more invasive process, such as a series of two-dimensional slices imaged with X-rays.     Processing: The tissue or organ based on the 3D model in the preprocessing stage is printed. Like in other types of 3D printing, layers of material are successively added together in order to print the material.Postprocessing: Necessary procedures are performed to transform the print into a functional organ or tissue. These procedures may include placing the print in a special chamber that helps cells to mature properly and more quickly. Types of Bioprinters As with other types of 3D printing, bioinks can be printed several different way.  Each method has its own distinct advantages and disadvantages. Inkjet-based bioprinting acts similarly to an office inkjet printer. When a design is printed with an inkjet printer, ink is fired through many tiny nozzles onto the paper. This creates an image made of many droplets that are so small, they are not visible to the eye. Researchers have adapted inkjet printing for bioprinting, including methods that use heat or vibration to push ink through the nozzles. These bioprinters are more affordable than other techniques, but are limited to low-viscosity bioinks, which could in turn constrain the types of materials that can be printed.Laser-assisted bioprinting uses a laser to move cells from a solution onto a surface with high precision. The laser heats up part of the solution, creating an air pocket and displacing cells towards a surface. Because this technique does not require small nozzles like in inkjet-based bioprinting, higher viscosity materials, which cannot flow easily through nozzles, can be used. Laser-assisted bioprinting also allo ws for very high precision printing. However, the heat from the laser may damage the cells being printed. Furthermore, the technique cannot easily be scaled up to quickly print structures in large quantities. Extrusion-based bioprinting uses pressure to force material out of a nozzle to create fixed shapes. This method is relatively versatile: biomaterials with different viscosities can be printed by adjusting the pressure, though care should be taken as higher pressures are more likely to damage the cells. Extrusion-based bioprinting can likely be scaled up for manufacturing, but may not be as precise as other techniques.Electrospray and electrospinning bioprinters  make use of electric fields to create droplets or fibers, respectively. These methods can have up to nanometer-level precision. However, they utilize very high voltage, which may be unsafe for cells. Applications of Bioprinting Because bioprinting enables the precise construction of biological structures, the technique may find many uses in biomedicine. Researchers have used bioprinting to introduce cells to help repair the heart after a heart attack as well as deposit cells into wounded skin or cartilage.  Bioprinting has been used to fabricate heart valves for possible use in patients with heart disease, build muscle and bone tissues, and help repair nerves. Though more work needs to be done to determine  how these results would perform in a clinical setting, the research shows that bioprinting could be used to help regenerate tissues during surgery or after injury. Bioprinters could, in the future, also enable entire organs like livers or hearts to be made from scratch and used in organ transplants. 4D Bioprinting In addition to 3D bioprinting, some groups have also examined 4D bioprinting, which takes into account the fourth dimension of time. 4D bioprinting  is based on the idea that the printed 3D structures may continue to evolve over time, even after they have been printed. The structures may thus change their shape and/or function when exposed to the right stimulus, like heat. 4D bioprinting may  find use in biomedical areas, such as making blood vessels by taking advantage of how some biological constructs fold and roll. The Future Although bioprinting could help save many lives in the future, a number of challenges have yet to be addressed. For example, the printed structures may be weak and unable to retain their shape after they are transferred to the appropriate location on the body. Furthermore, tissues and organs are complex, containing many different types of cells arranged in very precise ways. Current printing technologies may not be able to replicate such intricate architectures. Finally, existing techniques are also limited to certain types of materials, a limited range of viscosities, and limited precision. Each technique has the potential to cause damage to the cells and other materials being printed. These issues will be addressed as researchers continue to develop bioprinting to tackle increasingly difficult engineering and medical problems. References Beating, pumping heart cells generated using 3D printer could help heart attack patients, Sophie Scott and Rebecca Armitage, ABC.Dababneh, A., and Ozbolat, I. â€Å"Bioprinting technology: A current state-of-the-art review.† Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 2014, vol. 136, no. 6, doi: 10.1115/1.4028512.Gao, B., Yang, Q., Zhao, X., Jin, G., Ma, Y., and Xu, F. â€Å"4D bioprinting for biomedical applications.† Trends in Biotechnology, 2016, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 746-756, doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.03.004.Hong, N., Yang, G., Lee, J., and Kim, G. â€Å"3D bioprinting and its in vivo applications.† Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2017, vol. 106, no. 1, doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33826.Mironov, V., Boland, T., Trusk, T., Forgacs, G., and Markwald, P. â€Å"Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering.† Trends in Biotechnology, 2003, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 157-161, doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00033-7.Murphy, S., and Atala, A. †Å"3D bioprinting of tissues and organs.† Nature Biotechnology, 2014, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 773-785, doi: 10.1038/nbt.2958. Seol, Y., Kang, H., Lee, S., Atala, A., and Yoo, J. Bioprinting technology and its applications. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2014, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 342-348, doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu148.Sun, W., and Lal, P. â€Å"Recent development on computer aided tissue engineering – a review.† Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 85-103, doi: 10.1016/S0169-2607(01)00116-X.